The existence of dark matter, constituting about 80% of the matter in the universe, has long been a puzzle in the realm of science. Despite being invisible, its presence is felt through gravitational effects on visible matter. Scientists have been on a relentless pursuit to unravel the mysteries of dark matter, and recent advancements in quantum technologies have brought them closer to detecting this elusive substance.
Researchers from Lancaster University, the University of Oxford, and Royal Holloway, University of London have embarked on a groundbreaking mission to develop the most sensitive dark matter detectors to date. By leveraging quantum technologies at ultra-low temperatures, the team aims to observe dark matter directly in a laboratory setting. The goal is to shed light on one of the most profound enigmas in the scientific community.
Particle physics theory posits two potential dark matter candidates: new particles with ultra-weak interactions and lightweight wave-like particles known as axions. To explore these possibilities, the research team is constructing two experiments—one to search for each type of candidate. The detection of dark matter particles with ultra-weak interactions hinges on their collision with ordinary matter, presenting a unique challenge based on the unknown mass of the constituents. While existing searches can detect dark matter particles within a specific weight range, there is a possibility that lighter candidates may have escaped detection.
The Quantum Enhanced Superfluid Technologies for Dark Matter and Cosmology (QUEST-DMC) project aims to achieve world-leading sensitivity in detecting dark matter collisions with masses ranging from 0.01 to a few hydrogen atoms. By employing superfluid helium-3 cooled to a macroscopic quantum state and equipped with superconducting quantum amplifiers, the team can detect faint signatures of dark matter collisions. This cutting-edge approach combines the power of superfluidity and quantum amplification to enhance sensitivity.
In the case of axions, which are extremely lightweight and abundant in the universe, traditional collision detection methods are not applicable. Instead, scientists can search for a distinct signature—a unique electrical signal resulting from axion decay in a magnetic field. The Quantum Sensors for the Hidden Sector (QSHS) team is developing a novel quantum amplifier tailored for detecting axion signals. This sophisticated amplifier operates at the highest precision dictated by quantum mechanics, enabling the team to probe the presence of axions in the universe.
The researchers are showcasing their innovative work at the Royal Society’s Summer Science Exhibition, offering a glimpse into the world of dark matter through interactive exhibits. Visitors can witness how galaxies reveal the presence of dark matter using a gyroscope-in-a-box, observe invisible masses through transparent glass marbles in liquid, and explore the concept of ultra-low temperatures with a light-up dilution refrigerator. A model dark matter particle collision detector and a model axion detector provide hands-on experiences for visitors to engage with the fascinating realm of dark matter research.
Through the convergence of quantum technologies and scientific ingenuity, the quest for dark matter takes a significant leap forward. As researchers delve deeper into the invisible universe, the mysteries of dark matter may soon be unveiled, ushering in a new era of understanding the fundamental building blocks of the cosmos.